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Let s throw in a few bells and whistles. You can have if statements inside other if statement blocks, as follows: name = raw_input('What is your name ') if name.endswith('Gumby'): if name.startswith('Mr.'): print 'Hello, Mr. Gumby' elif name.startswith('Mrs.'): print 'Hello, Mrs. Gumby' else: print 'Hello, Gumby' else: print 'Hello, stranger' Here, if the name ends with Gumby, you check the start of the name as well in a separate if statement inside the first block. Note the use of elif here. The last alternative (the else clause) has no condition if no other alternative is chosen, you use the last one. If you want to, you can leave out either of the else clauses. If you leave out the inner else clause, names that don t start with either Mr. or Mrs. are ignored (assuming the name was Gumby ). If you drop the outer else clause, strangers are ignored.

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Modules provide a structure to collect Ruby classes, methods, and constants into a single, separately named and defined unit. This is useful so you can avoid clashes with existing classes, methods, and constants, and also so that you can add (mix in) the functionality of modules into your classes. First, we ll look at how to use modules to create namespaces to avoid name-related clashes.

One common feature used in Ruby is the ability to include code situated in other files into the current program (this is covered in depth in the next chapter). When including other files, you can quickly run into conflicts, particularly if files or libraries you re including then include multiple files of their own. You cannot guarantee that no file that s included (or one that s included in a long chain of includes) will clash with code you ve already written or processed. Take this example:

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The random method returns a random number between 0 and 999,999. This method could be in a remote file where it s easily forgotten, which would cause problems if you had another file you included using require that implemented a method like so:

(rand(26) + 65).chr generates a random number between 0 and 25 and adds 65 to it, giving a number in the range of 65 to 90. The chr method then converts a number into a character using the ASCII standard where 65 is A, through to 90, which is Z. You can learn more about the ASCII character set at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII, or refer to 3 where this topic was covered in more detail.

That s really all there is to know about if statements. Now let s return to the conditions themselves, because they are the really interesting part of conditional execution.

appears, press the Tab key again until you select the corresponding software application that is open on your desktop, and then release the Alt key. After you ve shown what you need to illustrate the headline, press Alt+Tab again until you select the software application that is open on your desktop that corresponds to the second hidden slide (lower left). After you ve shown the demonstration, press Alt+Tab again until you select the software application that is open on your desktop that corresponds to the third hidden slide (lower right). (If you have the Microsoft Aero color scheme enabled on a Windows Vista computer, instead of Alt+Tab, hold down the Windows key and repeatedly press Tab to use a 3-D interface to select applications.) When you ve nished with the third application, press Alt+Tab and return to PowerPoint, where you ll see the Explanation slide again. The headline here summarizes the point you made during the demonstrations; from here, advance to the next slide, which will be the following Explanation slide. With this technique, you re using PowerPoint as a tool to manage what s happening on-screen and off-screen as well. As always, the headlines of the slides should establish the ideas you want to communicate at any and every point in the presentation. You can use the same technique to manage a number of other non-PowerPoint media, including: A ip chart, whiteboard, or chalkboard. A document projector. Video clips, audio, or motion graphics. A physical prop. Paper handouts.

Now you have two methods called random. If the first random method is in a file called number_stuff.rb and the second random method is in a file called letter_stuff.rb, you re going to hit problems:

require is the Ruby statement used to load in code contained within another file. This is covered in detail in the next chapter.